Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy / Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.

Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz. 

Wide QRS complex tachycardia in patients with Chagas' disease: Sustained ventricular tachycardia until proven otherwise.

Algorithms used for the differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia are extremely important in clinical practice, but they have limitations and should be applied with caution. We describe a case of a patient with positive serology for Chagas disease and normal echocardiogram who presented an episode of wide QRS complex tachycardia. It was initially diagnosed as sustained ventricular tachycardia using the Brugada and Vereckei algorithms and it was sent to the reference service for the implant of a cardioverter defibrillator. However, the clinical history, electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm and the electrophysiological study were fundamental to the correct diagnosis and treatment of a posterolateral atrioventricular accessory pathway.

Rationale and design of the First Brazilian Cardiovascular Registry of Atrial Fibrillation: The RECALL study.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important and growing public health problem worldwide, but data about its actual prevalence, therapeutic management, and clinical outcomes in middle- to low-income countries are scarce. DESIGN: The First Brazilian Cardiovascular Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (the RECALL study) will assess demographic characteristics and evidence-based practice of a representative sample of patients with AF in Brazil. The prospective, multicenter registry has a planned sample size of around 5,000 patients at approximately 80 sites. Eligibility criteria include age >18 years and permanent, paroxysmal, or persistent AF documented by electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring, or device interrogation. Patients will be followed up through 1 year after enrollment. Information on laboratory tests, echocardiographic data, medication use, and clinical outcomes will be obtained. Various aspects of the population will be described, including demographic characteristics; antithrombotic therapies; antiarrhythmic agents; level of control of international normalized ratio (by average time within the therapeutic range) among patients using vitamin K antagonists; rates of warfarin discontinuation; outcomes such as death, stroke, systemic embolism, and major bleeding within 1 year after enrollment in the study; and rates of electrical cardioversion, percutaneous ablation of AF, ablation of the atrioventricular junction, and pacemaker/cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. SUMMARY: RECALL is the first prospective, multicenter registry of AF in Brazil. This study will provide important information about demographics, practice patterns, treatments, and associated outcomes in patients with AF. The results of this registry will also allow Brazilian data to be put in perspective with other AF registries across the world and provide opportunities to improve care of patients with AF in Brazil.

Quando indicar ablação para as principaisarritmias atriais e ventriculares? / When is ablation indicated for the principal atrial and ventricular arrhythmias?

Arritmias supraventriculares são distúrbios do ritmo comuns na prática clínica diária. As duas principais opções de tratamento são o medicamentoso, considerado de segunda linha devido à baixa eficácia, necessidade de uso por longa data, efeitos colaterais, interaçãomedicamentosa e potencial efeito proarrítmico; e o invasivo com ablação, atualmente o padrão ouro devido a baixa complicação e alta eficácia. As arritmias ventriculares são menos comuns, podendo estar associadas a prognóstico e risco de morte súbita cardíacadiferentes, de acordo com a presença ou não de alteração estrutural cardíaca. A ablação por cateter possui papel diferente no tratamento das arritmias ventriculares nestes dois grupos de pacientes. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar o papel da ablação por cateter,resumindo as principais indicações deste procedimento no manuseio das arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares...

Supraventricular arrhythmias are common rhythm disturbances in daily clinical practice. The two main treatment options are pharmacological, and catheter ablation. Pharmacologicaltreatment is considered the second line option due to its low efficacy, the need for long-term adherence, the risk of side effects, drug interactions, and potential proarrhythmic effects. Catheter ablation is currently the gold standard therapy, due to its low complications and high efficacy. Ventricular arrhythmias are less common, and may be associated with different prognoses and levels of risk of sudden cardiac death, depending on the presence or absence of structural heart disease. Catheter ablation has a different role in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in these two groups of patients. The objective ofthis review is to evaluate the role of catheter ablation, summarizing the main indications of this procedure in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia...

Clinical predictors of inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia during electrophysiologic study in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Clinical independent predictors of inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) during electrophysiologic study (EPS) are not known in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease. The purpose of this investigation was to fill this gap. METHODS: The medical charts of 47 patients with a positive serology for Chagas' disease who had undergone EPS between September 2006 and July 2012 at our institution were reviewed. Reasons for the EPS were the presence of unexplained syncope, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on either resting ECG or 24 h-Holter monitoring as well as a LVEF < 55% and > 35% at echocardiography. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify noninvasive predictors of inducible sustained VT/ventricular fibrillation during EPS. RESULTS: On univariate analysis, syncopal episodes (p = 0.04), amiodarone therapy (p < 0.005), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), creatinine serum levels (p < 0.001), potassium serum levels (p < 0.001), and lengthening of the QRS complex (p = 0.03) were associated with inducible sustained VT during EPS. In the multivariate model, amiodarone therapy (p = 0.03; hazard ratio = 10; Wald coefficient = 4.5; 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 85.2) was the only variable retained as independent predictor of inducible sustained VT during EPS. CONCLUSION: Amiodarone therapy was the only independent variable associated with sustained VT inducibility during EPS in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease.

Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias for holter monitoring services.

BACKGROUND: There are innumerous indicators to assure the quality of a service. However, medical competence and the proper performance of a procedure determine its final quality. The Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias recommends minimum parameters necessary to guarantee the excellence of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring services. OBJECTIVE: To recommend minimum medical competences and the information required to issue a Holter monitoring report. METHODS: This study was grounded in the concept of evidence-based medicine and, when evidence was not available, the opinion of a writing committee was used to formulate the recommendation. That committee consisted of professionals with experience on the difficulties of the method and management in providing services in that area. RESULTS: The professional responsible for the Holter monitoring analysis should know cardiovascular pathologies and have consistent formation on electrocardiography, including cardiac arrhythmias and their differential diagnoses. The report should be written in a clear and objective way. The minimum parameters that comprise a Holter report should include statistics of the exam, as well as quantification and analysis of the rhythm disorders observed during monitoring. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring should be performed by professionals knowledgeable about electrocardiographic analysis, whose report should comprise the minimum parameters mentioned in this document.

Recomendações da sociedade brasileira de arritmias cardíacas para serviços de holter / Recommendations of the Brazilian society of cardiac arrhythmias for holter monitoring services

FUNDAMENTOS: Inúmeros indicadores são utilizados para assegurar a qualidade de um serviço; entretanto, a competência médica e o adequado fluxo de realização de um procedimento são determinantes da qualidade final. Nesse contexto, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas pretende recomendar parâmetros mínimos necessários para garantir a excelência dos serviços de monitorização eletrocardiográfica ambulatorial. OBJETIVOS: Recomendar competências médicas mínimas e as informações necessárias para emissão do laudo de Holter. MÉTODOS: O documento foi fundamentado no conceito de medicina baseada em evidência, e nas circunstâncias em que a evidência não estava disponível a opinião de uma comissão de redação foi utilizada para a formulação da recomendação. Essa comissão foi formada por profissionais que apresentam vivência nas dificuldades do método e gestão na prestação de serviços nessa área. RESULTADOS: O profissional responsável pela análise de Holter deve conhecer as patologias cardiovasculares e ter formação consistente em eletrocardiografia, incluindo arritmias cardíacas e seus diagnósticos diferenciais. O laudo deve ser redigido de forma clara e objetiva. Os parâmetros mínimos que devem constar no laudo incluem as estatísticas do exame, assim como quantificação e análise dos distúrbios do ritmo observados durante a monitorização. CONCLUSÃO: A monitorização eletrocardiográfica ambulatorial deve ser realizada por profissionais com vivência em análise eletrocardiográfica e o laudo deve conter os parâmetros mínimos mencionados nesse documento.

BACKGROUND: There are innumerous indicators to assure the quality of a service. However, medical competence and the proper performance of a procedure determine its final quality. The Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias recommends minimum parameters necessary to guarantee the excellence of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring services. OBJECTIVE: To recommend minimum medical competences and the information required to issue a Holter monitoring report. METHODS: This study was grounded in the concept of evidence-based medicine and, when evidence was not available, the opinion of a writing committee was used to formulate the recommendation. That committee consisted of professionals with experience on the difficulties of the method and management in providing services in that area. RESULTS: The professional responsible for the Holter monitoring analysis should know cardiovascular pathologies and have consistent formation on electrocardiography, including cardiac arrhythmias and their differential diagnoses. The report should be written in a clear and objective way. The minimum parameters that comprise a Holter report should include statistics of the exam, as well as quantification and analysis of the rhythm disorders observed during monitoring. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring should be performed by professionals knowledgeable about electrocardiographic analysis, whose report should comprise the minimum parameters mentioned in this document.

Drogas anticoagulantes em pacientes com arritmia / Anticoagulants drugs in patients with arrhythmia

O uso de anticoagulantes para profilaxia de tromboembolismo restringe-se à Fibrilaçãom Atrial (FA) e Flutter Atrial (FLA). FA é a arritmia sustentada mais prevalente nos dias de hoje, com aumento da prevalência de acordo com o aumento da idade. Está associada com maior risco de Insuficiência Cardíaca, mortalidade e Acidente Vascular Encefalico (um em cada cinco), sendo este último associado à maior gravidade, incapacidade e mortalidade do que isquemias cerebrais de outra etiologia. Deste fato, vem a importância de um adequado tratamento antitrombótico a fim de se evitar a cardioembolia. Neste artigo, temos por objetivo indicar os principais fatores de risco para tromboembolismo na FA, as drogas indicadas para profilaxia antitrombótica, incluindo os novos anticoagulantes orais, sua principais indicações, benefícios e riscos, inclusive em situações especiais como cardioversão e ablação de FA.

The use of anticoagulants for thromboembolism prophylaxis is restricted to Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Atrial Flutter (FLA). Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia nowadays, with an increasing prevalence during the aging process. It is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, mortality and stroke (one in five), which is associated with greater severity, disability and mortality than with any other etiology of cerebral ischemia. This fact justifies of an adequate antithrombotic treatment in order to avoid thromboembolism. In this article, we aim to outline the main risk factors of thromboembolism in AF, drugs indicated for antithrombotic prophylaxis, including new oral anticoagulant, the main indications, risks and benefits, including special situations such as electrical cardioversion and ablation of AF.

Síndrome do QT longo congênito associado a bloqueio atrioventricular 2: 1 em lactente com síncope de repetição tratado como epilepsia / Congenital long QT syndrome associated with 2: 1 atrioventricular block in infant with repeated syncope treated as epilepsy

A Síndrome do QT longo (SQTL) congênito é uma doença dos canais iônicos cardíacos que está associada com síncope, taquiarritmias ventriculares e morte súbita cardíaca em pacientes com coração normal. Raramente, apresenta-se com Bloqueio Atrioventricular 2:1, apresentando mortalidade maior que 50% nos primeiros seis meses de vida, mesmo com tratamento adequado. O caso aqui descrito relata a evolução clínico de lactente com 6 meses de idade com SQTL congênito, síncope de repetição e BAV 2:1 inicialmente tratado como epilepsia, que após tratamento clínico adequado com mudança de estilo de vida, betabloqueadores e implante de marcapasso, não apresentou mais eventos cardíacos. No seguimento tardio (com 6 anos de vida), foi implantado Cardiodesfibrilador Implantável, sem terapias até a presente data.

Congenital long QT syndrome is a disease of cardiac ion channels that is associated withs yncope, cardiac sudden death and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with normal hearts. Rarely,it presents associated with 2:1 atrioventricular block; in this case the mortality rate is higher than 50% in the first six months of life even with adequate treatment. The case described here reports on the clinical evolution of a six-month-old infant with congenital long QT syndrome, syncope of repetition and 2:1 atrioventricular block initially treated as epilepsy, that after the correct clinical treatment with changes in lifestyle, beta-blockers and pacemaker implantation, did not have further cardiac events. In the long term follow-up (six years of life), a defibrillator was implanted without the need of further therapies todate.

Atrial fibrillation ablation in Brazil: results of the registry of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: Aiming to define the profile of curative atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in Brazil, the Brazilian Cardiac Arrhythmia Society [Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas] (SOBRAC) created the Brazilian Registry of AF Ablation [Registro Brasileiro de Ablação da FA]. OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of this registry. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to SOBRAC members asking about data on patients submitted to AF ablation between September 2005 and November, 2006. RESULTS: A total of 29 groups from 13 states completed the forms. Of these, 22 (76%) had performed AF ablations. Between 1998 and 2001, 7 groups (32%) initiated AF ablations and between 2002 and 2006, 15 groups began to perform them (68%). From 1998 to 2006, 2,374 patients were submitted to ablation, 755 (32%) of them during the registry period. Most (70%) were males and 89% presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Ancillary imaging methods (intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping) were used by 9 groups (41%). During an average five-month follow-up period, total success was 82% and success without use of antiarrhythmic agents was 57%. Nevertheless, 35% of the patients required two or more procedures. There were 111 complications (14.7%) and 2 deaths (0.26%). CONCLUSION: Curative AF ablation has been increasing significantly in our country, with success rates comparable to international indexes, but often more than one procedure is necessary. Despite promising results, AF ablation still results in significant morbidity. Supplementary imaging methods have been used more and more in an effort to increase efficacy and safety of the procedure. These findings should be considered by public and private funding agencies.

Ablação da fibrilação atrial no Brasil: resultados do registro da Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas / Atrial fibrillation ablation in Brazil: results of the registry of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias

FUNDAMENTO: Buscando delinear o perfil da ablação curativa de fibrilação atrial (FA) no Brasil, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas (SOBRAC) idealizou o Registro Brasileiro de Ablação da FA. OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados desse registro. MÉTODOS: Foi enviado um formulário aos sócios da SOBRAC, inquirindo sobre os dados de pacientes submetidos a ablação de FA entre setembro de 2005 e novembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: No total, 29 grupos, de 13 Estados, responderam ao formulário. Desses, 22 (76 por cento) realizaram ablações de FA. Entre 1998 e 2001, 7 grupos (32 por cento) iniciaram ablações de FA e entre 2002 e 2006, 15 grupos (68 por cento). De 1998 a 2006, 2.374 pacientes foram submetidos a ablação, sendo 755 (32 por cento) no período do registro. A maioria (70 por cento) era do sexo masculino e 89 por cento apresentavam FA paroxística ou persistente. Métodos auxiliares de imagem (ecocardiografia intracardíaca e mapeamento eletroanatômico) foram utilizados por 9 grupos (41 por cento). Durante seguimento médio de cinco meses, o sucesso total foi de 82 por cento e o sucesso sem uso de antiarrítmicos foi de 57 por cento. Contudo, 35 por cento dos pacientes necessitaram de dois ou mais procedimentos. Houve 111 complicações (14,7 por cento) e 2 óbitos (0,26 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: A ablação curativa de FA vem crescendo significativamente em nosso País, com taxas de sucesso comparáveis às internacionais, mas comumente há necessidade de mais de um procedimento. Apesar dos resultados promissores, a ablação de FA ainda acarreta morbidade significativa. Métodos auxiliares de imagem têm sido cada vez mais utilizados, visando a aumentar a eficácia e a segurança do procedimento. Esses achados devem ser considerados pelos órgãos pagadores públicos e privados.

BACKGROUND: Aiming to define the profile of curative atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in Brazil, the Brazilian Cardiac Arrhythmia Society [Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas] (SOBRAC) created the Brazilian Registry of AF Ablation [Registro Brasileiro de Ablação da FA]. OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of this registry. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to SOBRAC members asking about data on patients submitted to AF ablation between September 2005 and November, 2006. RESULTS: A total of 29 groups from 13 states completed the forms. Of these, 22 (76 percent) had performed AF ablations. Between 1998 and 2001, 7 groups (32 percent) initiated AF ablations and between 2002 and 2006, 15 groups began to perform them (68 percent). From 1998 to 2006, 2,374 patients were submitted to ablation, 755 (32 percent) of them during the registry period. Most (70 percent) were males and 89 percent presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Ancillary imaging methods (intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping) were used by 9 groups (41 percent). During an average five-month follow-up period, total success was 82 percent and success without use of antiarrhythmic agents was 57 percent. Nevertheless, 35 percent of the patients required two or more procedures. There were 111 complications (14.7 percent) and 2 deaths (0.26 percent). CONCLUSION: Curative AF ablation has been increasing significantly in our country, with success rates comparable to international indexes, but often more than one procedure is necessary. Despite promising results, AF ablation still results in significant morbidity. Supplementary imaging methods have been used more and more in an effort to increase efficacy and safety of the procedure. These findings should be considered by public and private funding agencies.

Manuseio prático da fibrilação atrial / Practical management of atrial fibrillation

O manuseio de pacientes com fibrilação atrial é uma das situações mais corriqueiras na prática diária do cardiologista. Todas as condutas tomadas devem estarbem embasadas cientificamente, para oferecer ao paciente uma terapêutica segura e eficaz. A avaliação detalhada de cada caso é fundamental para que se estabeleça uma conduta terapêutica individualizada ao paciente. A prevenção de fenômenos tromboembólicos e o cuidado para se evitar pró-arritmias são pontos importantes,que contribuem com a redução de complicações graves para o paciente.